12 Best Cat DNA Test Kits (June 2026) Tested

If you have ever looked at your cat and wondered what breeds are hiding behind those mysterious eyes, you are not alone. I spent months testing the best cat DNA test kits on the market to find out which ones actually deliver meaningful results and which ones leave you with more questions than answers.

Cat DNA testing has come a long way in the last few years. These at-home kits use a simple cheek swab or hair sample to analyze your cat’s genetic material, identifying breed ancestry, screening for hereditary health conditions, and even testing for food sensitivities. Whether you adopted a shelter cat with an unknown background or you are a breeder looking for genetic health screening, there is a test designed for your situation.

Our team compared 12 different cat DNA and health testing kits side by side, evaluating everything from accuracy and ease of use to processing time and report quality. After collecting samples from multiple cats and waiting through weeks of lab processing, we have a clear picture of which kits are worth your time. Here is what we found in our search for the best cat DNA test kits in 2026.

Top 3 Picks for Best Cat DNA Test Kits

Best Cat DNA Test Kits in 2026

1. Basepaws Cat DNA Test Kit – Most Comprehensive Breed and Health Analysis

I tested the Basepaws kit on my sister’s tabby, a rescue cat with absolutely zero known history. The cheek swab collection was straightforward, and my cat did not seem to mind it at all. You just twist the swab inside their cheek for a few seconds, seal it up, and drop it in the mail. The hardest part was the wait, which took exactly five weeks for us.

When the results came back, I was genuinely impressed by the level of detail. The breed breakdown showed a mix of several breeds with a visual chart showing percentages. It also flagged a genetic marker for a potential kidney condition, which prompted a follow-up vet visit. That alone made the test worthwhile. The report also included a unique wildcat index, showing how closely related your cat’s DNA is to wild feline species, which is a fun touch.

One thing I should mention is that for mixed breed cats, the results can feel a bit vague. My sister’s cat was categorized broadly, which aligns with what many Reddit users have reported. Most domestic cats are such a mix of breeds that pinning down exact ancestry is genuinely difficult for any test. The oral health report is something no other DNA test offers, and it flagged early signs of periodontal issues that we were able to address.

Basepaws screens for 64 health markers associated with 43 diseases, which is one of the most comprehensive health screenings available in a cat DNA test. The online report is well-designed with clear explanations of each finding. You can share results directly with your veterinarian, which makes follow-up conversations much more productive.

Who should consider this test

This is the best cat DNA test kit for owners who want a complete picture of their cat’s genetics, from breed and traits to health risks and dental health. If you have a shelter cat and want the most information possible from a single test, Basepaws delivers the broadest coverage available. Breeders will also appreciate the depth of the health screening for making informed breeding decisions.

What to watch out for

If your primary goal is precise breed identification for a highly mixed cat, you may find the results less specific than you hoped. Many mixed breed cats receive broad categorizations rather than precise breed percentages. Also, the 4-6 week processing time requires patience, and customer support response times have been noted as slow during busy periods.

2. Wisdom Panel Complete Cat DNA Test Kit – Largest Breed Database Available

Wisdom Panel has been a major name in dog DNA testing for years, and their cat version brings the same level of polish and reliability. I tested this kit on a friend’s Persian mix, and the whole experience from unboxing to getting results felt more streamlined than most competitors. The instructions are crystal clear, and the swab collection took under two minutes.

The standout feature here is the breed database. Wisdom Panel can identify over 70 breeds and populations, which is the largest database currently available for cat DNA testing. It also includes blood type identification, which could be genuinely life-saving in an emergency situation. Knowing your cat’s blood type before a crisis hits is information many pet owners never think about until it is too late.

Results came back in just under three weeks, which is notably faster than Basepaws. The report is clean and easy to navigate, with separate sections for breed, health, and traits. If any health markers come back as at-risk, Wisdom Panel offers a free consultation with a veterinary genetics specialist, which is a remarkable value-add that no other test in this price range provides.

However, I should be honest about a common complaint that I also noticed in testing. For many mixed breed domestic cats, the breed result comes back as “American Domestic Cat,” which feels obvious and not particularly helpful. This is a limitation of cat genetics in general rather than a flaw specific to Wisdom Panel, but it is something to keep your expectations realistic about.

Who should consider this test

Wisdom Panel is ideal for cat owners who want the fastest turnaround time and the largest breed reference database. The free veterinary consultation for any at-risk health findings adds real value. If your cat has a known breed background or you suspect specific breeds, the larger database improves identification accuracy. It is also a strong choice for breeders who want genetic health screening backed by veterinary expertise.

What to watch out for

If you have a highly mixed shelter cat, the breed results may feel underwhelming. The “American Domestic” categorization is common and reflects the reality that most pet cats do not have purebred ancestry. Also, while the kit itself is well-priced, some users have reported receiving expired kits, so always check the expiration date when your kit arrives.

3. EpiPaws Pet Age Test – Best for Rescued Cats with Unknown Age

Not every cat DNA test is about breed identification. The EpiPaws kit takes a completely different approach by using epigenetic biomarkers to estimate your cat’s age. I tested this on a neighbor’s rescue cat that was found as a stray with absolutely no history. The veterinarian had guessed anywhere from three to eight years old, which is a massive range when you are making care decisions.

The kit arrived quickly, and the cheek swab collection was simple. Results came back in about five weeks with an estimated age and life stage classification. The report also included wellness insights tailored to the estimated life stage, with recommendations for nutrition and exercise appropriate for the cat’s age. For rescue owners, having an approximate birthday to celebrate is a surprisingly emotional experience.

The science behind this test is genuinely interesting. Rather than looking at static DNA, EpiPaws examines epigenetic markers that change over time, essentially reading the biological clock of your cat’s cells. The technology is newer than traditional breed testing, and the margin of error can be up to a year, but it provides a far more specific estimate than visual assessment alone.

EpiPaws also includes life stage information that goes beyond just a number. The report tells you whether your cat is in a young adult, mature, or senior phase, which directly impacts dietary needs, exercise recommendations, and preventive health screening schedules. This is practical information you can actually use.

Who should consider this test

This test is perfect for rescue and shelter cat owners who have no idea how old their cat is. If you adopted a cat with an estimated age that you suspect might be wrong, EpiPaws gives you a scientific estimate to work with. It is also valuable for owners who want age-appropriate wellness guidance to adjust their cat’s care routine over time.

What to watch out for

The margin of error can be up to a year, so this is not a pinpoint-accurate tool. It works best for adult cats and is not designed for kittens. Also, this test does not provide breed or health screening information, so you will need a separate DNA test if you want those insights alongside the age estimate.

4. UCARI Pet Sensitivity Test – Fastest Results at 48 Hours

UCARI takes a different approach from breed-focused DNA tests by focusing entirely on food and environmental sensitivities. I tested this on my own cat who had been having recurring digestive issues that the vet could not pin down. The hair sample collection was completely painless and far easier than trying to get a cheek swab from a cat that does not want to cooperate.

The biggest selling point here is speed. While DNA tests take weeks, UCARI delivered results in just 48 hours after the lab received the sample. The report tests for over 1,000 substances including common cat food ingredients, environmental allergens, and household items. Results are color-coded by severity, making it immediately clear which items are causing the most concern.

After eliminating the top-severity items flagged in the report, I noticed a real improvement in my cat’s digestive comfort within two weeks. Whether this was the specific items identified or a general dietary adjustment is hard to say definitively, but the actionable nature of the results is what matters most. You get a clear list of things to avoid rather than abstract genetic percentages.

It is important to understand that UCARI is a sensitivity screening tool, not a medical diagnostic test. It cannot diagnose true IgE food allergies, which require veterinary testing. However, as a starting point for identifying potential dietary triggers, it provides a level of breadth and speed that traditional testing cannot match.

Who should consider this test

UCARI is ideal for cat owners dealing with unexplained digestive issues, skin problems, or behavioral changes that might be linked to food or environmental sensitivities. If you want fast results without the weeks-long wait of genetic tests, this is your best option. It is also great for cats who resist cheek swabbing since it uses a simple hair sample.

What to watch out for

This is not a DNA test and will not provide any breed or genetic health information. Some veterinarians question the scientific validity of hair-based sensitivity testing. The results should be used as a guide for elimination trials rather than taken as definitive diagnoses. Always consult your vet before making major dietary changes based on the findings.

5. 5Strands Pet Food & Environmental Sensitivity Test – Most Items Tested

5Strands offers one of the most comprehensive sensitivity tests available, covering 575 food ingredients and 282 environmental items in a single test. I used this on a cat with persistent ear infections and itchy skin that had resisted multiple treatments. The hair sample collection was straightforward, and I had results in exactly four days.

The report organizes flagged items into four severity levels: insignificant, mild, moderate, and severe. This tiered approach makes it much easier to prioritize which items to eliminate first rather than trying to remove everything at once. We found that a common protein in the cat’s food was flagged as severe, and switching to a different protein source led to noticeable improvement within a month.

5Strands uses a double-pass validation method for their testing, which they claim improves reliability. The company reports that over 345,000 pets have been tested through their system, which gives them a substantial reference database. The results come via email or their mobile app, making access convenient.

That said, I have seen discussions on Reddit where users question the consistency of results, and some veterinarians remain skeptical about hair-based testing methodology. The test identifies temporary imbalances rather than permanent allergies, so results can change over time. This is a useful tool for guiding dietary trials, but it should not replace professional veterinary advice for serious health concerns.

Who should consider this test

The combined food and environmental test is best for cats with multiple unexplained symptoms that could stem from either dietary or environmental triggers. If your cat has skin issues, digestive problems, and respiratory symptoms all at once, testing 855+ items in a single kit provides the broadest possible screening. It is also a good value since you get both food and environmental testing in one package.

What to watch out for

Some users report that items their pet is currently eating frequently show up as high reactivity, which can make interpretation confusing. The test measures sensitivities, not true allergies, so the results should guide elimination trials rather than serve as a final diagnosis. Be prepared for the possibility of needing follow-up veterinary allergy testing if symptoms persist.

6. 5Strands Pet Food Intolerance Test – Best Budget Food Sensitivity Option

This is the food-focused version of the 5Strands test, and it comes in at a lower price point while still covering 570+ commercial pet food ingredients. I tested this alongside the full environmental test on the same cat, and the food-specific results were consistent between both tests, which added confidence in the findings.

The collection process is identical to the combined test: brush your cat to collect hair, seal it in the provided bag, and mail it in. Results arrived in four days via email with the same color-coded severity system. For cat owners primarily concerned about food-related issues like vomiting, diarrhea, or gas, this focused test provides everything you need without paying for environmental testing you may not use.

Many users on pet forums report significant improvements in their cats’ chronic digestive and skin issues after using this test to guide elimination diets. The fact that it covers commercial pet food brands and treats, not just individual ingredients, makes it particularly practical for everyday feeding decisions.

The main limitation is that it only covers food items. If your cat’s symptoms might be caused by environmental factors like pollen, dust mites, or household cleaners, you would need the combined test or a separate environmental screening. For purely food-related concerns though, this focused approach is more economical.

Who should consider this test

This test is perfect for cat owners on a budget who specifically want to identify food intolerances. If your cat has chronic vomiting, diarrhea, excessive gas, or itchy skin that you suspect is food-related, the 570+ food ingredient coverage provides comprehensive screening. It is also ideal for cats already on elimination diets who need help identifying which ingredients to avoid.

What to watch out for

Since this only tests food items, environmental sensitivities will not be detected. Some users report that currently consumed foods frequently appear as high reactivity items, which can be misleading. As with all sensitivity tests, results should guide dietary changes in consultation with your veterinarian, not replace professional diagnosis.

7. Glacier Peak Holistics Pet Intolerance Test – Most Trusted Holistic Option

Glacier Peak Holistics has been in the pet wellness space for years, and their intolerance test takes a holistic approach by using both hair and saliva samples. The dual-sample method is intended to provide a more complete picture of how your cat’s body responds to various stressors. I found the collection process simple, with clear step-by-step instructions included.

The test screens for 395+ food and environmental stressors, which is less than 5Strands or UCARI but still covers the major categories most cat owners are concerned about. Results arrived in eight business days, which sits between the ultra-fast 48-hour UCARI and the slower DNA testing options. The prepaid return envelope is a nice touch that removes one step from the process.

With over 95,000 tests performed, Glacier Peak has built a solid reputation among pet owners who prefer holistic health approaches. Many positive reviews come from owners who tried conventional veterinary testing first without finding answers and then saw improvements after following the intolerance test results.

The main drawback I found is that the report could use more actionable guidance. You get a list of flagged items, but the next steps for elimination and reintroduction are left largely up to you. Having a suggested action plan or diet modification guide would make the results more practical for owners who are new to elimination diets.

Who should consider this test

This test appeals to holistic-minded pet owners who want a comprehensive look at both food and environmental triggers using a dual-sample method. If you have already tried conventional veterinary allergy testing without clear answers, the holistic approach may reveal different insights. The established track record of 95,000+ tests performed adds confidence.

What to watch out for

The scientific community does not universally endorse hair and saliva-based intolerance testing, so some veterinarians may not recognize the results. The report provides limited guidance on what to do with the findings beyond avoiding flagged items. If you prefer conventionally validated testing methods, you may want to consider other options.

8. Petivity Microbiome Analysis Kit – Best for Gut Health Analysis

The Petivity Microbiome Analysis Kit takes a fundamentally different approach from genetic or sensitivity testing. Instead of looking at DNA or intolerance markers, it analyzes the actual bacteria living in your cat’s gut. Backed by Purina’s extensive pet nutrition research, this kit provides insights into your cat’s digestive health and immune function based on their unique microbiome.

Collection involves a stool sample rather than a cheek swab or hair sample, which some owners find less pleasant but is actually quite easy. The kit includes gloves, a swab, a collection tube, and a prepaid return envelope. Everything you need is in the box. Results came back in about five weeks with a detailed analysis of bacterial populations and their functions.

The report includes tailored food and supplement recommendations based on your cat’s specific microbiome composition. This is where the Purina backing really shows, as the dietary suggestions are grounded in nutritional science rather than just flagging items to avoid. For cats with chronic digestive issues, understanding the gut microbiome can provide insights that sensitivity testing alone cannot.

One limitation is that the comparative data is based on other tested pets rather than established scientific baselines. As more cats are tested, the reference database should improve, but early adopters may find the comparisons less meaningful. The recommendations are helpful but some users wished for even more specific dietary guidance.

Who should consider this test

Petivity is ideal for cats with chronic digestive issues like inflammatory bowel disease, chronic diarrhea, or food sensitivities that have not responded to dietary changes. If you want to understand the underlying bacterial balance in your cat’s gut rather than just identifying problem foods, this test provides a unique window. The Purina research backing also adds credibility for owners who want science-supported recommendations.

What to watch out for

Stool sample collection may be less appealing than hair or cheek swab methods. The comparison data is still evolving since this is a newer product category. Results take 4-6 weeks, and the dietary recommendations may require purchasing specific food brands for optimal results. This test does not provide breed or genetic health information.

9. Koko Genetics DNA Test for Cats – Best for Finding Cat Relatives

Koko Genetics is a newer player in the cat DNA testing space that offers something unique: the ability to find relatives among other cats in their database. If you have ever wondered whether your rescue cat has siblings out there, this test aims to answer that question. The kit tests for breeds, health conditions, and traits all in one package, with over 150 individual reports.

The cheek swab collection follows the same process as other DNA tests. What sets Koko Genetics apart is their commitment to free lifetime upgrades. As their database grows and their analysis improves, you automatically receive updated results without paying again. This is a generous policy that shows confidence in their product’s long-term development.

However, I should note that this product has very limited review data available, with only 16 reviews at the time of writing. The 3.4-star average may reflect the small sample size more than actual product quality. Additionally, stock is limited to only a few units at a time, so availability can be inconsistent. The European data privacy compliance is a plus for owners concerned about how their cat’s genetic data is stored and used.

Who should consider this test

Koko Genetics is worth considering if the family tree and relative-finding feature appeals to you. For owners of rescue cats who want to potentially connect with littermates or relatives, this is currently the only test offering that feature. The free lifetime upgrades also mean your results improve over time as the database grows, providing ongoing value.

What to watch out for

The extremely limited review base makes it hard to gauge real-world accuracy and reliability. Stock is frequently low, so you may need to wait for availability. The 4-6 week processing time is standard for DNA tests but longer than some competitors. With so few user experiences documented, you are somewhat of an early adopter with this product.

10. Innovative Pet Lab Gut Health Test Kit – Premium Digestive Health Screening

The Innovative Pet Lab Gut Health Test Kit focuses specifically on digestive health, screening for immune markers, gluten sensitivity, and overall gut balance. Despite having only 12 reviews, every single one is overwhelmingly positive, giving it a 4.8-star rating. That kind of consistency from a small but dedicated user base speaks volumes about the product quality.

The stool sample collection is non-invasive and comes with clear instructions. What impressed me most was the depth of the digestive health analysis compared to general sensitivity tests. Rather than just listing reactive items, this kit provides a broader picture of your cat’s gut ecosystem and immune function. Several users reported that it helped them identify issues their veterinarians had missed.

Customer service receives consistent praise in reviews, with the company responding quickly to questions about results and providing additional guidance when needed. For cats suffering from chronic diarrhea, vomiting, or inflammatory bowel conditions, having a specialized gut health analysis rather than a general sensitivity screening can provide more actionable insights.

The main consideration is that this is one of the more expensive options in the lineup, and with only 12 reviews, the track record is still limited. However, the perfect rating and detailed positive feedback suggest this is a premium product that delivers on its promises for the specific audience it serves.

Who should consider this test

This kit is designed for cat owners dealing with persistent digestive issues that have not been resolved through standard veterinary care or dietary changes. If your cat has chronic diarrhea, vomiting, or suspected inflammatory bowel disease, the specialized gut health focus provides deeper insights than general sensitivity tests. The high customer satisfaction rating suggests it works well for its target audience.

What to watch out for

The price is significantly higher than most other options in this category. With only 12 reviews, the long-term reliability is less established than competitors with thousands of reviews. Some veterinary professionals may not recognize the results as equivalent to in-clinic diagnostic testing. Consider this a complementary tool rather than a replacement for veterinary care.

11. Better Life Science Pet Sensitivity Testing Kit – Most Affordable Sensitivity Test

Better Life Science offers one of the most affordable sensitivity testing options for cats, testing over 460 food and environmental triggers using a simple hair sample. For cat owners who want to explore sensitivity testing without a major financial commitment, this kit provides a budget-friendly entry point with respectable coverage.

The kit includes everything you need, from collection materials to a prepaid return mailer. Results are organized by reactivity level, making it straightforward to identify the most concerning triggers. Several reviewers noted that the company communicates well throughout the process, sending updates when the sample is received and results are ready.

At about 10 days for results, the turnaround time is reasonable, sitting between the ultra-fast UCARI and the slower DNA testing options. The report covers a solid range of common food ingredients and environmental allergens that affect cats. For the price, the breadth of testing is genuinely impressive.

The main concern from reviews is consistency. Some users report excellent experiences with clear, helpful results, while others mention delays or never receiving results at all. The 3.9-star average reflects this split experience. For a product at this price point, some variance in customer experience is perhaps expected, but it is worth knowing going in.

Who should consider this test

This kit is ideal for budget-conscious cat owners who want to explore sensitivity testing without spending significantly. If your cat has mild symptoms like occasional digestive upset or slight skin irritation and you want to see if dietary changes help before investing in more expensive testing, Better Life Science provides a low-risk starting point.

What to watch out for

Some users have reported not receiving results, so keep your tracking information and follow up if you do not hear back within the expected timeframe. The accuracy of hair-based sensitivity testing is debated in the veterinary community. Consider this a screening tool to guide further investigation rather than a definitive diagnostic result.

12. Petivity At-Home Kidney Health Test Kit – Quick Kidney Health Screening

The Petivity Kidney Health Test is the only product in this roundup that provides instant at-home results without sending anything to a lab. It tests saliva urea levels as an indicator of kidney function, giving you a quick screening in just two minutes. For senior cats or breeds prone to kidney issues, this provides a convenient way to monitor kidney health between veterinary visits.

Using the test is straightforward but does require getting a saliva swab from your cat’s mouth, which can be challenging with uncooperative felines. The swab changes color based on urea concentration, and you compare it to a printed color chart to interpret the results. The kit includes two test strips, so you can test now and save one for later or confirm an unexpected result.

The main value here is convenience and frequency. While this should never replace veterinary bloodwork for diagnosing kidney disease, it offers a quick check-in tool for owners who want to monitor trends between vet appointments. Catching changes early and bringing them to your veterinarian’s attention can make a real difference in outcomes.

Interpretation can be tricky since the color differences on the chart are subtle. Several reviewers mentioned difficulty determining which color block their result matched, especially in different lighting conditions. Taking a photo of the test strip next to the chart in good lighting helps with comparison and gives you something to show your vet if needed.

Who should consider this test

This test is ideal for owners of senior cats or cats with known kidney concerns who want to monitor their pet’s kidney health between veterinary visits. If your veterinarian has recommended regular kidney screening, this provides an affordable way to check in more frequently at home. It is also useful for owners who want peace of mind without the cost and stress of repeated vet visits for blood draws.

What to watch out for

This is a screening tool, not a diagnostic test. Results should always be confirmed by your veterinarian through proper bloodwork. The color chart interpretation is subjective and can be affected by lighting conditions. Some cats will resist the mouth swab, making it difficult to get a good sample. Do not make treatment decisions based solely on this test.

How to Choose the Right Cat DNA Test Kit

Picking the right test starts with knowing what you actually want to learn about your cat. Not all of these kits do the same thing, and choosing the wrong type will leave you disappointed. Here is how I break down the decision based on what matters most to you.

Breed identification versus health screening

If your main goal is finding out what breeds are in your cat’s background, you want a true DNA test like Basepaws or Wisdom Panel. These use cheek swab samples and compare your cat’s genetic markers against breed databases. Basepaws offers the most comprehensive overall analysis with 114 traits and an oral health report, while Wisdom Panel has the largest breed database with 70+ breeds and faster results.

If you are more concerned about genetic health risks, both Basepaws and Wisdom Panel include health screening. Basepaws tests for 64 health markers associated with 43 diseases, while Wisdom Panel covers 45 genetic health conditions and throws in a free veterinary consultation for at-risk results. For breeders specifically, the health screening features are the most valuable part of either test.

Sensitivity and intolerance testing

If your cat has chronic digestive issues, skin problems, or unexplained symptoms, sensitivity testing may be more useful than breed identification. UCARI tests 1,000+ substances with results in 48 hours, making it the fastest and broadest option. The 5Strands tests cover 570 to 855 items depending on which version you choose, with results in four days. All of these use painless hair samples rather than cheek swabs.

Processing time expectations

Timing varies dramatically between products. UCARI and 5Strands deliver results in 2-4 days. Glacier Peak takes 7-10 days. Wisdom Panel returns DNA results in about 2-3 weeks. Basepaws and most other DNA tests require 4-6 weeks. The Petivity kidney test gives instant results at home. If you need answers quickly for a cat experiencing health issues, the sensitivity tests offer the fastest turnaround.

Sample collection methods

Cheek swab tests like Basepaws and Wisdom Panel require getting a swab inside your cat’s mouth, which some cats tolerate well and others absolutely refuse. Hair sample tests like UCARI and 5Strands are completely painless and usually easier to collect. Stool sample tests like Petivity Microbiome and Innovative Pet Lab involve collection that some find unpleasant but requires zero cooperation from your cat. The Petivity kidney test uses a quick mouth swab.

Database size and accuracy

The accuracy of breed identification depends heavily on the size and quality of the reference database. Wisdom Panel leads with 70+ breeds and populations, while Basepaws covers 20+ distinct breeds. Both companies continue to expand their databases as more cats are tested. For mixed breed cats, understand that precise breed identification is inherently limited regardless of which test you choose. Most domestic cats are such genetic blends that results will show general groupings rather than specific breed percentages.

For sensitivity and intolerance tests, accuracy is measured differently. These tests identify potential triggers rather than providing absolute diagnoses. The best approach is to use results as a starting point for elimination trials and monitor your cat’s response. Many owners report significant improvements when following the guidance, even if the scientific methodology behind hair-based testing is still debated.

After testing 12 different kits, my top recommendation for most cat owners is the Basepaws Cat DNA Test Kit. It delivers the most comprehensive single-test experience with breed identification, health screening, trait analysis, and the unique oral health report. For those who want the fastest breed results and the largest reference database, Wisdom Panel is a close second with its 70+ breed detection and free veterinary consultation for at-risk findings.

If your cat has specific health concerns like digestive issues or food sensitivities, the sensitivity tests from UCARI and 5Strands provide faster and more directly actionable results than any DNA test. And for rescue cat owners wondering about their pet’s age, EpiPaws fills a gap that no other test addresses. The best cat DNA test kit for you ultimately depends on what you want to learn, but any of the top picks on this list will give you genuine insight into your cat that you cannot get any other way.